Yezmi Malek
Botanic Garden And Horticulture In Iran – The traditions and style of garden design represented by Persian gardens or Iranian gardens (Persian: باغ یرانی), examples of the Gardens of Paradise, have influenced garden design from Andalusia to India and beyond.
The Alhambra Gardens show the influence of Persian garden philosophy and the Moorish palace style of the Al-Andalus era in Spain. Humayun’s Tomb and the Taj Mahal are the largest Persian gardens in the world dating back to the era of the Mughal Empire in India.
Botanic Garden And Horticulture In Iran
Schematic diagram of the Persian Guard. Note the quadrilateral structure with water locks, connecting aqueducts and surrounding trees, and the layout of the palace.
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From the time of the Achaemid Empire, the idea of an earthly paradise spread through Persian literature and served as an example for other cultures, both the cruel Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemies of Alexandria. Avestan word Pairidaēza-, Old Persian *paridaida-,
Median *paridaiza- (walled, i.e. walled guard) was borrowed into Akkadian and th into Greek. . , French Paradise, German Paradise and Brilliant Paradise.
Security will, as they say, be closed. The purpose of the guard was and is to provide a place to rest, protected in many ways: both spiritual and relaxing (for example, meeting with a refrigerator), the more heavenly on earth. The common Iranian word for “enclosed area” is *pari-daiza- (Avestan parai-daēza-), a term used in Christian mythology to describe the Garden of Eda or Paradise on Earth.
Garden design can be formal (emphasize structure) or traditional (emphasize nature) with very simple design rules. This allows you to maximize what can be done in the garden in terms of function and feel.
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Persian guards may have originated as early as 4000 BC, but it is clear that the tradition began with the Achaemid dynasty around the 6th century BC.
Pottery decorated at that time has a typical cross plane of Persian pottery. The outlines of Pasargada, built around 500 BC, are still visible today. The Greeks regarded the classical Iranians as the “great gardeners” of antiquity; Cyrus II (also known as Cyrus the Younger) is said to have told the Spartan general Lysander that he made sure that he did not march every day and that he retired from the park of Sardis, which he called his “paradise”. (a corruption of the Greek Old Persian word “gard”).
During the reign of the Sasanian Empire, under the influence of Zoroastrianism, the importance of water in art increased. This is reflected in the design of the garden, where more attention is paid to the fountains and ponds in the garden.
During the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, the aesthetic aspects of the guard became more important than utility. During this time, the importance of the beauty rules governing coverage has increased. An example of this is the chahar bagh (चेहारबाग), a form of garda that tries to follow the Abrahamic concept of Garda Eda, with four rivers and four squares representing the world. The structures sometimes extend an axis longer than the transverse axis and may have a water channel running through each of the four gardens and connecting to a central pool.
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During the Abbasid dynasty (7th century AD), this type of guard became an important part of representational architecture. The Persian Guard is a landscaped garden, individually designed and created primarily as an area embedded in the aesthetic and spiritual context of past and present culture, politics and society. The main feature of these formal gardens is the geometric shape according to geometric and visual principles, water channels and pools worked by nature, which divide the enclosed area into well-defined blocks, a principle that has come to be known as Chahar Bagh (four gardens), water pipes with canals . , pools, fountains and cascades, pavilions, prominent center axes with perspective, as well as planting various gentle trees and herbs. and flowers The old Iranian word for such gards, pari-daizi, expresses the idea of an earthly paradise associated with them, therefore they are a metaphor for divine order and the inclusion and protection of those who do their good deeds. A similar function is performed by an analogue on earth, these principles are brought to perfection in the emperor’s garden as a “good gardener”. As with technology, consider personal preferences, aspirations and needs. The Persian Garda has many functions: it serves not only for contemplation and relaxation, but also as a replacement and expression of energy. Making a loud noise and celebrating victory or marriage in these guards is the best sign. , or socio-political ties, starting from the 12th-13th centuries, the burial places of members of the royal family or important people are placed in state guards. let’s have a chance to believe. befitting the soul of a revered person and the special aura of the guard.[7]
The Mongol invasion of Persia in the 4th century led to a new emphasis on tall ornamental structures in the garden. Examples of this are tree peonies and chrysanthemums.
The Mughal emperor Babur introduced Persian guards to India and sought to replicate the cool, refreshing taste of his homeland in the Fergana Valley by building Persian-style guards, as in other Timurid cities such as Samarkand and Herat. A keen individual and personal designer, Babur took care of at least the gardens of his modern capital Kabul in Afghanistan as the Bagh-i Babur where he recorded the attractiveness of the pomegranate, cherry and orange trees he planted.
Although his empire soon extended to northern and central India, he hated the stagnant heat and gray environment of the hot and dusty plains of India; Therefore, he was buried in Bagh-i-Babur in Kabul by his widow in 1544.
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The Aram Bagh of Agra was the first of many Persian gardens that he built in India itself. Mughal guards have four basic requirements, symbolizing the four foundations of the afterlife: shade, fruit, fragrance and running water, and this pattern is used to create many Persian guards across the Indian subcontinent, such as Shalimar Gard in Lahore, Shalimar Bagh. And the Nishat Bagh from Kashmir, and the guards from the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal Gardens embody the Persian concept of the ideal garden and were built using irrigation canals and canals from the Yamuna River. These parks have been restored to their former glory after decades of pollution by Indian authorities felling fruit and shade trees.
The Safavid dynasty (from the 8th to the 18th century) built and developed a grand and epic style that went beyond mere extension of the palace and became part of its beauty and utility. In the following period, European garden design began to influence Persia, particularly French design, followed by Russia and Great Britain. The influence of the West has led to changes in the use of water and the species used in the bed.
Traditional designs and styles are still used in modern Iranian guards. They also appear in historical sites, museums and are attached to the homes of the rich.
Sunlight and its effects are important factors in the structural design of Persian gardens. The structure and shape were chosen by the architect specifically for the use of light.
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The dry heat of Iran makes shade important in the garden, without which it is almost impossible to use shade. Trees and trellises are mainly characterized by biological shade; Pavilions and walls are also outstanding structures for blocking sunlight.
Heat also makes water important in both garden design and maintenance. Irrigation may be required, which can be provided through a tunnel called a qanat that carries water from a local aquifer. A similar structure connected to a rope can paint a picture of water. Alternatively, animal-powered Persian wells would draw water to the surface. The wheel system also moves water around the surface water system, such as in the chahar bagh style. Trees are often planted in holes called juy, which prevent water from evaporating and allow the water to quickly reach tree roots.
The Persian style often tries to integrate the inside and the outside through the connection of the surrounding fence to the courtyard. Designers often place architectural elements such as arches between the exterior and interior areas to create a partition between them.
The earliest description (from the first half of the 4th century BC) of the Persian Guard is found in Xophon’s Oeconomics, where Socrates tells the story of the Spartan herald Lysander visiting the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger, who showed his Greek. “Heaven in Sardis”. In this story, Lysander is “surprised at the beauty of the inner trees, all the trees planted at regular intervals, a long straight line of fluttering branches, perfect regularity, the symmetry of the square shape of the whole, and very beautiful stems.
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